Combined MA-XRF, MA-XRPD and SEM-EDX analysis of a medieval stained-glass panel formerly from Notre Dame, Paris reveals its material history

As part of its conservation-restoration, the 13th century stained-glass panel ‘the Annunciation’, was examined at micro- and macro level. This window, since 1898 in collection Museum Mayer Van den Bergh (Antwerp, B), formerly a southern Rose window Notre Dame Cathedral (Paris, F). The insigths emerging from first phase analysis, comprising non-invasive analysis techniques such as optical microscopy combined with macroscopic X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) diffraction (MA-XRPD) mapping, were used to select sampling positions for second investigation that involved micro-invasive namely scanning-electron coupled energy-dispersive (SEM-EDX). aim fourfold: (1) assess applicability MA-XRF scanning characterisation stained glass windows prior any conservation or restoration procedure, (2) MA-XRPD identify degradation products formed on surface windows, (3) establish method limit set sampled fragments taken quantititive while maintaining sufficient representativeness (4) distinguish original panes grisaille paint non-original inserted during various past interventions. Most this proved consist medieval potash glass, consistent c. origin limited number identified infills, divergent compositional types and/or colorants. derive their color pot metal (i.e. homogenously colored) they made of. Some originally had red flashed layer surface, completely partially lost due weathering. Three main families similar could be defined. With exception yellow orange panes, chromophoric elements responsible dark(er) light(er) blue (Co), green (Cu), purple (Mn) colors (Cu) identified. Two different paints encountered, which restored 19th century. On basis information, all missing pieces replaced by appropriate successfully conserved former glory. several typical calcite, syngenite gypsum identified, together lead based anglesite palmierite. In addition, presence hematite melanotekite grisailles observed; also Zn, uncorrelated Cu, grissailes right side became apparent.